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Resting heart rate varies from one individual to another, but the healthy range for an adult is 60-100 beats per minute. In some cases, issues with the heart’s electrical signals that trigger a heartbeat can cause an arrhythmia. This means that the heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or irregularly.

Atrial Fibrillation, Explained

Atrial fibrillation, often referred to as Afib, is a rapid heart rate caused by irregularities in the heart’s upper chambers, or atria. It is the most common type of arrhythmia. Though the condition increases the risk of having a stroke, it is treatable with a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and non-surgical and surgical procedures. Here’s what to know about the causes, symptoms, and treatment of atrial fibrillation.

The heart’s natural pacemaker, the sinus node, is located in the upper right chamber. It triggers the signal that begins each heartbeat. Normally, the signal travels from the sinus node through the two atria and into a pathway between the upper and lower chambers. As it travels, your heart will contract, transporting blood both to and from the heart.

Atrial fibrillation begins in the heart’s upper chambers. The signals in the atria are irregular, which causes the upper chambers to shake. As signals try to enter the lower chambers, a fast and irregular heart rhythm is produced.

There are different types of atrial fibrillation categorized by their duration.

Paroxysmal Afib lasts for less than a week and typically does not require treatment.

Persistent Afib is continuous, lasting longer than a week but less than a year. Treatment is required.

Permanent Afib is continuous and treatment-resistant.

Most cases of atrial fibrillation stem from issues with the structure of the heart. These structural issues may be caused by coronary artery disease, a heart attack, a congenital heart defect, or heart valve disease. However, it is possible to develop the condition without a history of heart health issues.

The following risk factors are often linked to atrial fibrillation.

Other health conditions including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, lung disease, or sleep apnea

Not all cases of atrial fibrillation have noticeable symptoms. In some cases, one or more of the following symptoms may develop.

As many as 1 in 3 people with Afib may not know that they have the condition. It’s important to understand the condition’s risk factors and discuss your individual risk with your healthcare provider.

Due to the potential for blood clots, atrial fibrillation can lead to a greater risk for stroke. The irregular heart rhythm that characterizes Afib can lead to the accumulation of blood and the formation of clots in the upper chambers. If a clot breaks off from the heart, it may travel to the brain, causing a stroke.

The risk of a stroke related to Afib increases as you age. Having other conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or heart failure in addition to Afib may also increase your risk for a stroke. Staying on track with treatment and following your doctor’s recommendations is the best way to manage this risk.

Many types of atrial fibrillation are treatable. Treatment often consists of a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and, in some cases, non-surgical procedures or surgery. Several types of medications are used to treat Afib.

These medications prevent the formation of blood clots and treat existing clots. Commonly prescribed antiplatelets and anticoagulants include:

Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as apixaban (Eliquis®), dabigatran (Pradaxa®), edoxaban (Savaysa®), and rivaroxaban (Xarelto®)

Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers may be used to manage atrial fibrillation by controlling an individual’s heart rate. Commonly used to treat high blood pressure, beta blockers cause the heart to beat more slowly and less forcefully. Examples of beta blockers include:

Calcium channel blockers slow an individual’s heart rate by opening up narrowed blood vessels and increasing blood flow to the heart. They are often prescribed for individuals who have chest pain or high or low blood pressure in addition to Afib. Examples include:

Digoxin may also be prescribed to slow the flow of electrical currents from the atria to the ventricle.

Slowing down the heart rate is often the first goal of atrial fibrillation treatment. If this has been accomplished, a common next step is restoring the rhythm to normal.

Sodium channel blockers including flecainide (Tambocor®), propafenone (Rythmol®), and quinidine work on the heart’s electrical impulses, slowing its ability to conduct electricity.

Potassium channel blockers such as amiodarone (Cordarone®, Pacerone®), sotalol (Betapace®), and dofetilide slow the electrical signals responsible for atrial fibrillation.

When taking any medication for atrial fibrillation, it’s important to stay on track with follow-up appointments and inform your doctor of any side effects.

If medications aren’t effective, your doctor may recommend a non-surgical procedure or surgery. Two common non-invasive procedures are electrical cardioversion, which resets the heart rhythm with low-energy shocks, and pulmonary vein ablation, which uses heat or cold energy to block electrical irregularities.

While not all cases of atrial fibrillation are preventable, many of the major risk factors are controllable. In general, practicing a heart-healthy lifestyle can lower your risk for the condition. This includes exercising for at least 150 minutes per week, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting your alcohol intake, and refraining from smoking.

Read How to Prevent Heart Disease at Any Age for more on heart-healthy living.

At Alto, we make it as simple as possible to manage your risk for heart health issues and follow the treatment plan your doctor recommends. We will work with your doctor, your insurance (if applicable), and any third party savings programs that you may qualify for to ensure your medications are as affordable as possible. And our team of pharmacists is available to chat whenever questions come up about side effects or how to take your medication properly.

Reach out any time through in-app messaging or by phone at 1-800-874-5881.

This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes does not prevent a healthy pregnancy. Thanks to insulin therapy and effective blood sugar management options, many women with diabetes successfully navigate pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. While there are some pregnancy risks and challenges tied to type 1 diabetes specifically, careful planning and proactive diabetes management throughout pregnancy can keep you and your baby healthy.

Navigating Pregnancy With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes

Here’s an overview of what pregnancy with type 1 or type 2 diabetes may look like — from fertility to childbirth and beyond — to help you explore your family building options.

Many people with diabetes wonder how the condition will impact their fertility. Having diabetes does not mean you will have more difficulty conceiving. Consistently high blood sugar levels are the main way that diabetes can make it challenging to get pregnant. 

Some research has found that women with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles or delayed ovulation — factors that affect your fertility — but these health issues are also linked to elevated blood sugar. 

High blood sugar can be managed, and informing your doctor of your plans to build or expand your family early on can help you maintain healthy blood sugar levels before you start trying to conceive.

While every pregnancy carries the possibility of complications, type 1 diabetes is linked to the following.

Preeclampsia — Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure that can result in liver or kidney damage. Women with type 1 diabetes may face a greater risk for this complication since they often have higher baseline blood pressure before pregnancy.

Insulin resistance — Hormonal changes during pregnancy can make your body less effective at using insulin, resulting in decreased glucose produced from the liver. (This can lead to the development of gestational diabetes in women without preexisting diabetes during pregnancy.) As the placenta grows, insulin resistance increases. This can affect your blood sugar levels.

Miscarriage — Women with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk for miscarriage — the loss of a baby before 20 weeks — or stillbirth — the loss of a baby after 20 weeks. Birth defects caused by high blood sugar may be a contributing factor.

Macrosomia — Macrosomia refers to a newborn with a higher-than-average birth weight, which can make childbirth more difficult for a mother.

Birth defects affecting your baby’s heart, brain, spine, kidneys, digestive system, limbs, and mouth

In addition, without effective diabetes management, pregnancy can intensify preexisting diabetes-related complications.

These risks are manageable, however, it’s important to prepare for pregnancy in advance of trying to conceive and to stay vigilant about diabetes management throughout this journey. Preconception planning allows you to work toward health goals and ensure that you have an appropriate care team and medication protocol in place.

When planning a pregnancy, consult your healthcare provider before trying to conceive to review your blood sugar levels, make any necessary adjustments to your treatment plan, and evaluate potential diabetes-related health complications. If you become pregnant unexpectedly, contact your provider as soon as you learn of your pregnancy to discuss blood sugar monitoring, medication changes, and other factors that can lower your risk of pregnancy complications.

Here are some action items to focus on in the months leading up to conception. This is intended to be a high-level guide. Consult your care team for a more individualized plan.

Your A1C levels are your average blood sugar levels over a period of two to three months. Your blood sugar levels can impact the development of your baby’s organs during the first 8-12 weeks of your pregnancy, so it’s even more important to maintain healthy blood sugar levels before pregnancy. As you plan for pregnancy, ask your doctor to clarify your A1C goals and how long to maintain them before you try to conceive.

Review your treatment plan and make necessary medication adjustments

Not all medications and supplements are safe to take during pregnancy. Speak with your care team about each medication and supplement you take before trying to conceive. Never stop taking a prescribed medication without first consulting your doctor.

Since there are considerations specific to type 1 diabetes during pregnancy, you may want to look for a healthcare professional who works at the intersection of diabetes treatment and maternal health.

Consider working with an endocrinologist — a physician who treats hormone-related conditions such as diabetes — who focuses on treating pregnant women with diabetes. Alternatively, some OB/GYNs have specialized training in managing diabetes during pregnancy.

You may also benefit from working with a diabetes educator, a healthcare professional certified to coach individuals living with diabetes. They can offer individualized guidance about navigating pregnancy with the condition.

Vigilant monitoring of your insulin needs and blood sugar levels is the most important thing you can do to have a healthy and safe pregnancy. As your pregnancy progresses, pay attention to changes in how much insulin you need. Many women with diabetes experience lower blood sugar during pregnancy. Continue to revisit your treatment plan with your care team and confirm the recommended dosage and frequency of insulin. 

There are diabetes supplies that can make it easier to check your blood sugar more frequently. Many pregnant women with diabetes use a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), an electronic device that collects glucose readings every five minutes throughout the day. Talk to your doctor to learn if a CGM is an appropriate option for you.

Most individuals with diabetes require more insulin throughout pregnancy since insulin resistance typically increases as your pregnancy progresses. You may find it helpful to use an insulin delivery method that eliminates the need for multiple daily injections such as an insulin pump. Additionally, an insulin pen allows for faster administration of insulin injections throughout the day.

Having a birth plan in place can help you prepare for any scenario during labor and delivery. Here is some diabetes-related information to include.

Who will monitor your blood sugar levels during and after labor and delivery?

What diabetes supplies do you need to pack in your bag, if delivering at a hospital or medical facility?

What is the procedure for women who use an insulin pump at your chosen hospital or medical facility? (if applicable)

What is the procedure for women who use a CGM at your chosen hospital or medical facility? (if applicable)

Blood sugar levels can fluctuate during labor and delivery. They often rise during labor but drop just before or immediately after delivery. Your care team can help you prepare for these possibilities. If using an insulin pump or CGM, speak with your doctor about protocol for continuing to wear these devices during delivery.

Many women assume that they will struggle with breastfeeding due to their diabetes. However, you can breastfeed while living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The condition may delay breast milk production but this should improve with time.

Keep in mind that breastfeeding takes up energy, which can affect your blood sugar levels and insulin needs. Some research has found that lactation can increase the risk of overnight hypoglycemia, or severely low blood sugar. Make sure that someone around you understands the signs of hypoglycemia and how to address it.

Above all, remember that you aren’t alone in navigating the challenges of type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy. In addition to your care team and loved ones, the following organizations can help you connect with other women who understand this experience.

Beyond Type 1 and Beyond Type 2 are global online communities for individuals living with diabetes.

JDRF is a destination for type 1 diabetes support and community, with opportunities to connect locally with those affected by type 1 diabetes.

A diabetes pharmacy partner you can rely on

At Alto, we make it as easy as possible to manage diabetes throughout your family building journey. We offer free, same-day delivery of medications and supplies right to your doorstep, and our dedicated diabetes team is here to answer any questions you may have.

Reach out any time via phone at 1-800-874-5881, or in-app messaging.

Pulmonary hypertension is a condition in which blood pressure in the arteries that lead from the heart to the lungs becomes too high. Over time, the increased pressure can strain the right ventricle — the chamber of the heart that pumps blood that is low in oxygen to the lungs — potentially increasing an individual’s risk for heart failure.

Pulmonary Hypertension, Explained

Though certain forms of pulmonary hypertension do not have a cure, there are effective treatment options that can ease symptoms and help improve your quality of life. Here’s what to know about recognizing and treating pulmonary hypertension.

To understand pulmonary hypertension, it’s helpful to know how blood naturally flows from the heart to the lungs. The right ventricle — the heart’s lower right chamber — pumps blood without oxygen to the lungs through a large blood vessel called the pulmonary artery. After entering the lungs, the blood releases carbon dioxide and acquires oxygen. It then flows through pulmonary arteries to the left side of the heart.

Pulmonary hypertension occurs when the pulmonary arteries become narrowed, obstructing the flow of blood. This causes blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries to rise, which strains the heart’s right ventricle. In the long term, the right ventricle gradually grows weaker and becomes less effective at pumping blood to the lungs. In some cases, this may lead to the development of heart failure.

Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive condition. Symptoms become more severe over time without effective treatment, and getting a diagnosis at an early stage is critical.

Pulmonary hypertension causes and risk factors

There are different types of pulmonary hypertension. While not all cases of pulmonary hypertension have a known cause, it frequently intersects with other health conditions.

The inflammation and loss of capillaries caused by advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may increase pulmonary artery pressure, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. For individuals living with both conditions, COPD flare-ups can worsen symptoms of pulmonary hypertension. Other lung conditions including pulmonary fibrosis have been linked to pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension often occurs in connection with certain types of heart disease including aortic valve disease, left heart failure, mitral valve disease, and congenital heart disease.

The following health conditions have also been linked to the development of pulmonary hypertension.

Liver disease can cause high blood pressure in the veins leading to the liver, also referred to as portal hypertension. This condition may expose blood vessels in the lungs to toxic substances, potentially damaging the small arteries of the lungs and leading to a form of pulmonary hypertension known as pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Rheumatic disorders such as scleroderma and lupus

Thromboembolic disease, a condition characterized by a blood clot in a large pulmonary artery

Some cases of pulmonary hypertension may have a genetic component. For those who have a family health history of pulmonary hypertension, it’s even more imperative to seek early evaluation for a diagnosis if symptoms appear.

Pulmonary hypertension affects individuals of all ages and sexes, but it is significantly more common in young adults, and approximately twice as common in women as in men.

Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension often do not appear until the condition has progressed to a later stage. For many individuals, the first symptom is shortness of breath during daily activities. Other common symptoms include fatigue, dizziness, fainting spells, swelling in the ankles, abdomen, or legs, and chest pain.

As the condition progresses further, it becomes increasingly difficult to carry out daily activities, and you may experience difficulty breathing even while at rest.

Pulmonary hypertension is linked to the following health conditions or complications.

Right-sided heart enlargement and heart failure, as pulmonary hypertension causes the heart to pump harder than normal to carry blood through narrowed arteries

Increased risk for blood clots in the small arteries in the lungs

Treatment and prevention of pulmonary hypertension

Treatment for pulmonary hypertension often consists of a combination of medications, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes.

The following medications may be used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.

Anticoagulants, or blood thinners, like warfarin allow blood to flow more freely through the arteries by decreasing blood clot formation.

Diuretics including furosemide (Lasix®), torsemide (Demadex®), and spironolactone (Aldactone®) reduce swelling and make it easier to breathe by removing excess fluid from the bloodstream.

Inotropic agents like digoxin can improve the heart's pumping ability.

Vasodilators including nifedipine (Procardia®), diltiazem (Cardizem®), epoprostenol (Flolan®, Veletri®), and treprostinil (Tyvaso®, Remodulin®, Orenitram®) lower pulmonary blood pressure and can help improve the heart’s ability to pump blood.

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sCG) stimulators such as riociguat (Adempas®) help your body release more nitric acid to relax vascular smooth muscle and increase the amount of blood your heart can pump.

Endothelin receptor antagonists such as bosentan (Tracleer®), macitentan (Opsumit®), and ambrisentan (Letairis®) widen your blood vessels.

Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors such as sildenafil (Revatio®, Viagra®) and tadalafil (Adcirca®, Cialis®, Alyq™) control blood flow to the pulmonary arteries and relax the blood vessels.

Supplemental oxygen, or oxygen therapy, can relieve shortness of breath and increase your tolerance for physical activities. There are several devices used in oxygen therapy. Your doctor can guide you in choosing the right oxygen delivery system based on your health needs, lifestyle, and insurance benefits. You may be prescribed one oxygen device to use at home and one to use when you are on the go.

Dietary considerations - Certain foods can help you manage pulmonary hypertension. Opt for foods that are high in potassium, magnesium, and fiber, and limit foods that contain refined sugar, saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium.

Exercise considerations - Physical activity is integral to a heart-healthy lifestyle, and those with pulmonary hypertension can improve circulation by walking, but the condition may prevent more strenuous forms of exercise. Stop any activity that causes shortness of breath, dizziness, or chest pain, and check with your doctor about recommended exercises.

Maintain a healthy weight - Pulmonary hypertension can lead to fluctuations in weight. It may be more difficult to gain weight due to the energy required to breathe. Conversely, fluid retention can lead to weight gain. As part of managing the condition, track your weight each day and inform your doctor if you gain two pounds in one day or five pounds in one week.

Avoid lifting or pushing objects greater than 20 pounds, as this may increase the pressure in your arteries and lungs.

Refrain from smoking and limit your alcohol consumption.

You can prevent certain forms of pulmonary hypertension by following a heart-healthy lifestyle and proactively managing related health conditions such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and COPD.

At Alto, we make it as simple as possible to manage your risk for chronic health conditions and to stay on top of your cholesterol-lowering, blood pressure, or COPD medications. We will work with your doctor, your insurance (if applicable), and any third party savings programs that you may qualify for to ensure your medications are as affordable as possible. And our team of pharmacists is available to chat whenever questions come up about side effects or how to take your medication properly.

All third party trademarks (including logos and icons) referenced by Alto Pharmacy remain the property of their respective owners. Unless specifically identified as such, Alto’s use of third party trademarks does not indicate any relationship, sponsorship or endorsement between Alto and the owners of these trademarks.

It’s understandable to feel overwhelmed after receiving a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — living with a chronic lung disease brings changes to many aspects of life. Many people don’t realize that the condition is highly treatable, and that there are things you can do to slow the progression of COPD. To help you better understand and manage your COPD, let’s take a look at five common misconceptions surrounding this lung disease.

Misconception About COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease refers to a group of progressive lung diseases. The two primary diseases under this umbrella are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Most people with COPD have both conditions, but it’s possible to have just one.

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema affect the lungs in different ways. Chronic bronchitis causes inflammation in the airways leading to your lungs, which leads to a chronic cough and increased mucus. Emphysema destroys your lungs’ fragile air sacs, or alveoli, obstructing airflow. When alveoli become damaged, the lungs cannot fully expel air carrying carbon dioxide out of the body, so some of it remains trapped in your lungs. Oxygen-rich air is then blocked from entering the lungs, which causes gradually worsening shortness of breath.

COPD may not be curable, but it is highly manageable. There are many treatment options that can ease symptoms and improve your quality of life, while also preventing the condition from progressing into a more advanced stage. In addition to lifestyle changes, COPD treatment may consist of medications, supplemental oxygen therapy (typically used for COPD caused by emphysema), and surgery in more advanced cases.

Medications commonly used to treat COPD include bronchodilators, which relax the muscles around the airways to make breathing easier, and inhaled corticosteroids, which reduce inflammation in the airways and prevent COPD exacerbations, or flare-ups.

Other medications may be used to treat exacerbations or more severe cases of COPD, including oral steroids and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors.

3. After a COPD diagnosis, it’s too late to quit smoking.

There is never a bad time to stop smoking and quitting is the most important thing you can do to manage COPD. Since COPD is a progressive lung disease, symptoms gradually become more severe over time. While it’s true that you cannot reverse the damage to your lungs caused by smoking, you can prevent COPD from progressing into a more advanced stage by maintaining healthy lifestyle habits. In fact, many people with early-stage COPD are able to regain near-normal lung function after quitting tobacco use. Even if your COPD has already progressed to a more advanced stage, quitting smoking will help reduce symptoms and prevent flare-ups and other health complications.

If you are having trouble quitting, ask your doctor for smoking cessation resources. They may be able to prescribe nicotine replacement therapy to help with withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Watch our webinar for more on the role of smoking cessation in COPD treatment.

The lung damage caused by COPD can affect other areas of the body. The condition can increase your risk of developing heart disease or having a heart attack. It may also lead to pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries that transport blood to your lungs. The risk of these potential health complications is one reason it’s so important to get an early diagnosis, and to follow the treatment plan your doctor recommends in order to slow progression.

People with COPD are also more likely to contract the flu or pneumonia — and to have more intense symptoms of these illnesses — so as part of your COPD treatment plan, stay current with your yearly flu and pneumonia vaccines.

Quite the opposite — regular physical activity is key to maintaining a good quality of life and living healthily with COPD. While it may seem counterintuitive to exercise when you’re short of breath, physical activity can make it easier to breathe in the long run by strengthening your respiratory muscles.

It’s important to take it slow and practice gentle exercises that don’t overexert your lungs. Your doctor can help you determine appropriate activities based on your experience of COPD.

You may also benefit from a pulmonary rehabilitation program, which helps many people with COPD manage their condition and improve their quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an outpatient exercise and education program where physical therapists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals share breathing techniques, nutritional advice, exercise recommendations, and other strategies for living with COPD.

Let Alto Pharmacy support your COPD treatment

We’re here every step of the way to help you manage COPD symptoms and get the medications you need, with free same-day delivery and easy-to-use medication management reminders in our app.

And our team of pharmacists are always here to answer your questions by phone or in the Alto app. Reach out any time through in-app messaging or by phone at 1-800-874-5881.

Arteries are a critical part of your circulatory system, transporting blood and oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body. As you age, a variety of substances collectively referred to as plaque — including fats, cholesterol, and calcium — may accumulate in these blood vessels. A condition called atherosclerosis occurs when the buildup of plaque causes the arteries to narrow and obstructs overall blood flow throughout the body. It is a leading factor in the development of coronary artery disease, the most common type of heart disease.

Atherosclerosis, Explained

Many of the key risk factors of atherosclerosis can be managed, and there are effective treatment options that can prevent the condition from worsening. Here’s what to know about causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

Atherosclerosis involves slow, progressive changes to the structure of your blood vessels. These changes typically intensify with age. As plaque accumulates, the walls of your arteries become thicker. This gradually narrows the channel within the artery through which blood flows, reducing the amount of oxygen and other nutrients that the rest of your body receives. In some cases, pieces of plaque can break off into the bloodstream and lead to the development of a blood clot.

There are arteries in nearly every part of the body, and three main types of arteries: elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.

Elastic arteries come out of the heart and contain more elastic tissue than other types of arteries. Their flexibility allows them to receive blood at high pressure. Examples include the pulmonary artery and aorta.

Muscular arteries have less elastic tissue and more smooth muscle fiber, which allows them to expand and contract to control the flow of blood. Examples include the coronary and femoral arteries.

Arterioles are smaller vessels that branch out from the arteries and help distribute blood into microscopic capillaries.

Atherosclerosis is not limited to a certain area or type of artery. Plaque may develop in arteries in the heart, brain, pelvis, legs, arms, or kidneys. The type of artery affected in atherosclerosis can impact an individual’s symptoms, along with their risk for related health complications.

Different health conditions may arise depending on where plaque accumulates.

Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque accumulates in the arteries in or leading to the heart.

Angina, a type of chest pain, can also arise from plaque accumulation in the coronary arteries. It results from decreased blood flow to the heart muscle.

Carotid artery disease occurs when plaque accumulates in the neck arteries that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the brain.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) occurs when plaque accumulates in the arteries in the arms and legs.

Kidney disease occurs when plaque accumulates in the renal arteries, which transport oxygen-rich blood to your kidneys.

In addition to the conditions above, extensive plaque accumulation can lead to other health complications, including heart failure, a heart attack, an abnormal heart rhythm, a stroke, and an aneurysm. Treatment can help slow the progression of atherosclerosis and prevent more serious complications.

Many factors play a role in the development of atherosclerosis, including the following.

Atherosclerosis is among the more common aging-related health issues. Your heart and blood vessels have to work harder as you age. These changes can stiffen the arteries, which makes it easier for plaque to accumulate in them.

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s produced naturally by the liver and also found in certain foods. It isn’t inherently bad — your body needs a certain amount of cholesterol to produce cell membranes, hormones, and nutrients. However, high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) can accumulate in the walls of your arteries and turn into plaque, factoring into a person’s risk for heart disease and stroke. (Conversely, a healthy level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol can potentially lower your risk for heart disease.)

Smoking damages your blood vessels and accelerates the buildup of plaque. It is a leading risk factor for peripheral artery disease. 80% of those with PAD are current or former smokers. Smoking is also associated with plaque accumulation in the aorta — the main artery of the body —  and in the coronary arteries.

High blood pressure strains and damages your coronary arteries, causing them to gradually narrow as plaque accumulates.

You may have a greater risk for atherosclerosis if you have diabetes or a family history of atherosclerosis. Physical inactivity and obesity also play a role.

Atherosclerosis symptoms typically do not appear until an artery has become severely narrow or clogged, to the point where blood flow is affected. There often aren’t noticeable symptoms of mild atherosclerosis. Symptoms of moderate to severe cases vary by the affected artery.

Atherosclerosis in coronary arteries: chest pain or pressure

Atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your brain: sudden numbness or weakness in arms or legs, difficulty speaking, confusion, or drooping facial muscles

Atherosclerosis in the arteries in your arms and legs: pain in your legs while walking or decreased pressure the affected limb

Atherosclerosis in the arteries leading to your kidneys: high blood pressure or weakened kidney function

If you have any concerns about potential symptoms of atherosclerosis, contact your doctor as soon as possible for an evaluation.

Atherosclerosis cannot be reversed, but it is treatable. A heart-healthy lifestyle and medications can help slow the accumulation of plaque and prevent the condition from worsening.

Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, planning a heart-healthy diet, and exercising more frequently are often a first step in treating mild atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association suggests aiming for about 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. Building these healthy habits early on can also help prevent atherosclerosis from developing to begin with.

Your doctor may also recommend medications to prevent atherosclerosis from progressing further. The following medications are commonly used to treat atherosclerosis.

Statins such as atorvastatin and simvastatin act on the liver to prevent LDL cholesterol from forming and limit the overall amount of cholesterol circulating in your bloodstream.

Fibrates such as fenofibrate and gemfibrozil can raise HDL cholesterol and lower LDL cholesterol.

Niacin is a B vitamin that reduces the liver’s production of blood fats and can lower LDL cholesterol.

For more on cholesterol-lowering medications, read How to Manage High Cholesterol: Diet, Medications, and More.

Beta blockers such as metoprolol and carvedilol cause the heart to beat more slowly and less forcefully, lowering your blood pressure.

Calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine and diltiazem prevent calcium from entering the smooth muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels, which opens up narrowed blood vessels and lowers blood pressure.

ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril and benazepril block production of a hormone called angiotensin II, which causes blood vessels to narrow. This helps constricted blood vessels expand so that more blood can flow through.

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) such as losartan and valsartan function similarly to ACE inhibitors and protect blood vessels from angiotensin II.

For more on blood pressure medications, read Common Types of Blood Pressure Medications.

Antiplatelet medications such as aspirin and clopidogrel may be prescribed to reduce your risk of blood clots.

Surgery may be necessary to treat severe cases of atherosclerosis, or if there is risk of serious damage to your muscle or skin tissue.

At Alto, we make it as simple as possible to manage your risk for chronic health conditions and to stay on top of your cholesterol-lowering or blood pressure medications. We will work with your doctor, your insurance (if applicable), and any third party savings programs that you may qualify for to ensure your medications are as affordable as possible. And our team of pharmacists is available to chat whenever questions come up about side effects or how to take your medication properly.

Many of us are familiar with the disappointment of a failed New Year’s resolution. Only 35% of Americans who made one in 2020 kept at it until the end of the year, and a study from 2015 found that 80% of New Year’s resolutions fail by mid-February.

The Science of Habit-Forming

Since healthy lifestyle choices are a key part of preventing or managing many chronic conditions, it’s important to continue working toward your health and wellness goals, no matter how frustrating it may feel. And while giving up old habits or cultivating new ones is never easy, you have more control over this process than it may seem.

Habits don’t start from nothing. They are a three-part psychological process of triggers, actions, and rewards, often referred to as the habit loop. This process can unfold passively, as if you’re on autopilot when engaging in many familiar behaviors. But fortunately for those with new habit goals, the habit loop can also be a more intentional rewiring of your brain to turn aspirations into lasting change. Here’s how.

As humans, we’re wired to search for feel-good experiences (and quick hits of dopamine, the brain’s feel-good chemical). Habits are born when the brain recognizes a connection between action and reward. It stores this information in a region of the brain called the basal ganglia. Unlike the prefrontal cortex, the area of your brain that makes conscious decisions, what happens in the basal ganglia is largely beyond your conscious control. That’s why it can be so challenging to break an old habit: sometimes you don’t even realize you’re doing it.

Cue — a stimulus, like a certain location, smell, person, or emotional state, sends the brain into autopilot and motivates you to act.

Action — you then perform a repeated behavior associated with the cue.

Reward — you experience a sense of pleasure or relief as a result of the action, reinforcing the link between cue and action (and perpetuating the habit loop).

It’s easy to see how unhealthy behaviors might emerge from this cycle, but with some effort, the habit loop can result in healthy changes, too. You can replace a bad habit with something more positive, like reading a book, going for a walk, or meditating instead of smoking or overdoing screen time. Or you can use this knowledge of how the brain works to develop a new habit without giving anything up. Either way, you’re more likely to find success if you connect a positive habit with an immediate reward, like linking physical activity with your favorite song or podcast.

In addition to considering the connection between your default behaviors and rewards, the following tactics can set you up for success as you commit to your physical and mental well-being. 

Start small and aim for incremental progress

It’s admirable to have big ambitions for your fitness routine, but it often takes time to build up your strength. Sometimes the disappointment of not arriving at a goal quickly enough is what causes people to set down their goals and resolutions altogether. Many health experts suggest starting with a small and specific action rather than the end state. Rather than focusing on running a half marathon, try to run a little more than you did the day before. The same principle applies to other habits like meditating or reading instead of social media scrolling.

At the same time, taking it slow doesn’t mean being inconsistent. Studies show that it can take anywhere from 18 to 254 days to form a new habit, and the best way to establish a routine is to actually do it. If your goal is to be more physically active, try doing a small, gentle exercise every day — a certain number of jumping jacks or push-ups, or a quick walk — and building up from there once you’ve got a foundation in place.

Since we’re all creatures of habit, there are probably many patterns in your day that can help you cultivate your new routine. For instance, try meditating after your morning cup of coffee, or going for a walk after your lunch break.

This approach is referred to as habit stacking, and it uses our tendency towards autopilot — and the habit loop fundamentals — to our advantage. Your new habit will quickly become linked to what the brain already knows, increasing your chances of success.

While change is never easy, you can make it easier by removing the obstacles that stand between you and your health goals. So rather than trying to muster up more will power, add a visual cue to your new routine, or remove a preparation step. This could mean packing your bag for your morning workout and leaving it by the door before going to bed, choosing an exercise you can easily do from home, or putting heart-healthy snacks in a visible spot on your kitchen counter. Whatever you’re trying to achieve, there’s probably a way to minimize the time and effort it requires.

Let Alto support your health and wellness

At Alto, we believe that staying on top of your health should be as simple as possible, and we’re here to support you with exceptional pharmacy care all year long. We offer free, same-day delivery and medication management tools like reminders and auto refills in our mobile app.

Your heart’s ability to pump oxygen-rich blood throughout the body depends on the functioning of many different structural components. The heart’s four valves allow blood to flow through your heart in the right direction. When they don’t open or close properly, the flow of blood throughout your body is disrupted.

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