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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects women of reproductive age and is characterized by a hormone imbalance. It can impact many areas of a woman’s health, including menstrual cycles, fertility, insulin levels, and risk of cardiovascular disease.

How Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Affects Fertility

Symptoms of PCOS can be treated through a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. Here’s what to know about the condition’s causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

Polycystic ovary syndrome has three defining symptoms: high levels of male hormones, irregular menstrual cycles, and the development of cysts in the ovaries. These features overlap.

Many women with PCOS have higher levels of androgen hormones, which are responsible for the development of certain male characteristics. For those with PCOS, overproduction of androgens leads to irregular menstrual cycles, hair loss, extra growth of hair on the face and body, and acne.

The cysts that develop in the ovaries are small follicles containing an immature egg. Since these eggs do not reach maturity, ovulation — the release of a mature egg from the ovaries — does not occur. The absence of ovulation leads to further imbalance of hormones, as progesterone decreases.

PCOS is the leading cause of female infertility.

Polycystic ovary syndrome can develop at any age after puberty. It is estimated that 5-10% of women between the ages of 15-44 have the condition.

The specific causes of PCOS have not been identified, but the medical community believes that condition is the result of several intersecting factors: insulin resistance, higher levels of androgens, higher levels of inflammation, and an irregular menstrual cycle.

Some evidence suggests that PCOS may have a genetic component. You may have a higher risk of developing PCOS if you have a mother, sister, or aunt with the condition. Obesity is also a risk factor.

Common symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome include:

Irregular, absent, or abnormally short (i.e., less than 21 days) menstrual periods

Excess hair on the face, chin, chest, abdomen, or upper thighs, also referred to as hirsutism

Weight gain or difficulty maintaining a healthy weight

Patches of darkened skin, particularly on the neck, in the groin, and beneath the breasts

Small flaps of excess skin near the neck or armpits, sometimes referred to as skin tags

Infertility, defined as the inability to get pregnant after twelve months or more of unprotected sex

The hormone imbalances that characterize PCOS can affect many areas of a woman’s health, including the following.

Infertility is a common symptom of PCOS, as hormone levels interfere with ovulation, an important step in reproduction. However, PCOS is a highly treatable cause of infertility. Many individuals and couples affected by PCOS do become pregnant after fertility treatment.

During pregnancy, women with PCOS may face a greater risk for miscarriage, high blood pressure, and gestational diabetes. They are also more likely to deliver prematurely. If you have PCOS, you can set yourself up for a healthy pregnancy by maintaining a healthy weight and blood sugar levels before trying to conceive and during pregnancy.

Insulin is a hormone naturally produced in the pancreas. It helps convert sugar, or glucose, into energy. Type 2 diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels rise due to issues with the body’s production or use of insulin. Since insulin resistance is often a symptom of PCOS, many individuals with the condition have a greater risk for type 2 diabetes.

Individuals with PCOS are also more likely to develop metabolic syndrome, a group of conditions associated with a higher risk for diabetes and heart disease, including:

Abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels

Endometrial hyperplasia, a condition in which the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, is also associated with PCOS. It can increase a woman’s risk for endometrial cancer.

The process for diagnosing PCOS includes a conversation about your health history, a physical exam, and several tests that can rule out other causes of PCOS symptoms.

During the physical exam, a healthcare provider typically measures blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and waist size. They will also check your skin for extra hair, acne, or discoloration.

Your doctor will likely conduct a pelvic exam to check for signs of high androgen levels and abnormalities with your ovaries. Then, a pelvic ultrasound, or sonogram, will check the ovaries for cysts and scan the uterine lining.

Blood tests may be used to measure levels of androgens as well as hormones linked to other health conditions with similar symptoms as PCOS. You may also be tested for high cholesterol and diabetes.

If other health conditions have been ruled out, you must have at least two of the following symptoms to be diagnosed with PCOS:

Irregular, absent, or abnormally short menstrual periods

Signs of high androgen levels such as hirsutism, acne, or thinning of hair on the scalp

PCOS and related medical conditions can be managed through a variety of treatments including medications and lifestyle changes. Treatment is tailored to an individual’s health history, PCOS symptoms, and reproductive goals. Here’s how different treatment options target various symptoms of PCOS.

Hormonal birth control, which may contain both estrogen and progestin, is often used to regulate a woman’s menstrual cycle. It can also reduce hirsutism and acne and lower the risk of endometrial cancer. Many women who do not have plans to get pregnant use hormonal birth control as a long-term treatment for PCOS.

Metformin, an oral medication most commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, is sometimes used off-label to treat PCOS. It improves the body’s response to insulin and can lower blood sugar and androgen levels. In some cases, it may be effective at restoring ovulation, though it typically does not treat hirsutism or acne.

Anti-androgen medications such as spironolactone (CaroSpir® and Aldactone®) block the effects of androgens and treat hirsutism. They are often used in combination with birth control and should not be used during pregnancy or when trying to conceive.

Maintaining a healthy weight can help regulate menstrual cycles. It may also improve insulin levels and treat excess hair growth and acne. Additionally, following a heart-healthy diet and staying physically active is especially important for those with PCOS.

In many cases, metformin or lifestyle changes can help address ovulation issues associated with PCOS. There are additional treatments that restore ovulation in women with PCOS, including oral medications used to treat infertility such as Clomid® and Femara® and injectable fertility medications including gonadotropins.

A procedure called laparoscopic ovarian drilling is a fertility treatment typically reserved for cases when medication is not effective.

PCOS treatment looks different for each individual, and our team has the expertise to support your personal health journey. Whether you are getting started with hormonal birth control, metformin, or fertility treatment, we’re here to simplify medication management and keep you supported.

We offer free, same-day delivery seven days a week, with temperature controlled packaging that ensures fertility medications always arrive in the right condition. And we’ll work with your doctor, your insurance (if applicable), and any third party savings programs that you may qualify for to ensure your medications are as affordable as possible.

To learn more, reach out any time through secure in-app messaging or by phone at 1-800-874-5881.

This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

All third party trademarks (including logos and icons) referenced by Alto Pharmacy remain the property of their respective owners. Unless specifically identified as such, Alto’s use of third party trademarks does not indicate any relationship, sponsorship or endorsement between Alto and the owners of these trademarks.

HIV treatment has transformed drastically since the virus was first discovered in the U.S. more than four decades ago. While there is no cure, HIV — short for human immunodeficiency virus — has become a manageable chronic health condition like many others.

The Evolution of HIV Medication

Today, the majority of HIV cases in the U.S. do not progress into AIDS, the most advanced stage of HIV. Not only that, but also 57% of individuals living with HIV are not at risk of transmitting the virus to others.

That’s a testament to the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the frontline treatment for HIV. ART is a combination of medications that keep HIV from replicating, stopping the progression of the virus and preventing transmission.

Take a look at the evolution of treatment for HIV and learn how ART works.

Early HIV medication and the introduction of ART

HIV is a virus that attacks your immune system, making you more vulnerable to other illnesses. It is transmitted through contact with the blood, semen, or vaginal fluids of someone who has HIV. As the virus replicates and spreads, it destroys your CD4 cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in your immune system.

The first antiretroviral HIV/AIDS medication, azidothymidine (AZT), was approved to treat HIV in 1987. AZT blocked proteins that allowed the virus to replicate and spread. A so-called “monotherapy” consisting of a single medication, it had promising results in early clinical trials but ultimately proved ineffective in slowing the progression of HIV. This was due in large part to the fact that HIV can quickly change into new forms that are resistant to an individual medication.

The introduction of ART in 1995 was a significant breakthrough. By combining multiple HIV medications, it helped prevent the virus’ resistance to a single medication.

ART is a combination of medications that lower your viral load, which is the amount of HIV in your bloodstream. When taken every day as prescribed, these medications can help individuals with HIV maintain an undetectable viral load, virtually eliminating their risk of transmitting the virus to others. This both preserves the strength of your immune system and protects the health of your sexual partners. Many people living with HIV are able to achieve an undetectable viral load within six months of starting ART.

There are several FDA-approved ART therapies available by prescription. Each medication included in the therapy plays a critical role. Collectively, these medications prevent the virus from replicating, reduce your viral load, increase your CD4 count, and restore your immune system.

Currently, there are five types of medications included in ART therapies.

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) prevent HIV from replicating.

Entry or fusion inhibitors prevent HIV from penetrating CD4 cells.

Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) target a critical step in the replication of the virus, preventing replication after HIV has entered a CD4 cell.

Most of today’s HIV treatment protocols combine three medications from two or more of the five classes above. Medical advancements continue to simplify ART, with medication protocols that consist of a single daily pill or a monthly injection.

Your provider will closely monitor your body’s response to your protocol. Thanks to the variety of options, it is easy to make adjustments as needed if you experience side effects or don’t achieve the desired results.

HIV treatment is critical for anyone living with the virus, regardless of how long they have had it. If you have been diagnosed with HIV, starting ART as quickly as possible is the most important thing you can do to protect your health and others.

There are several ways to find a healthcare provider for HIV treatment.

If you have a primary care provider, ask if they offer HIV treatment or can give you a referral.

If you tested for HIV at a clinic, ask if they offer HIV treatment or can give you a referral.

Use HIV.gov’s search tool to find HIV treatment services near you.

Some HIV medications can prevent transmission of the virus to a developing baby. If you or your partner is pregnant, or if you are considering starting a family, let your healthcare provider know so they can recommend the best treatment option.

Taking ART as prescribed in the long term is critical to its effectiveness. That includes not only taking the medication itself, but also attending follow-up appointments and completing lab tests.

If you are having trouble staying on track with treatment, ask your provider or pharmacist for suggestions. Many individuals find it helpful to combine their HIV medication with another daily habit such as brushing their teeth, or to set a reminder on their phone. The Alto app has medication management reminders to help you continue with your treatment.

If you have tested negative for HIV, there are important HIV prevention medications that can help you continue to protect your health.

PrEP, or pre-exposure prophylaxis, can lower risk of sexual transmission of HIV by 99% when taken as prescribed. It also reduces the risk of getting HIV from intravenous drug use by about 74%. PrEP may be right for you if you have a partner who is HIV-positive or unsure of their HIV status, or if you have multiple partners.

Read Debunking Common Myths about PrEP for more on getting started with PrEP.

PEP, or post-exposure prophylaxis, is a medication taken within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to lower your chances of contracting the virus. It is only for emergencies and accidental exposures. If you anticipate ongoing risk of exposure to HIV, speak with your doctor about potentially taking PrEP for long-term protection.

Financial resources for HIV treatment and prevention

For many individuals, cost is a barrier to both starting and continuing to take ART and PrEP as prescribed. Fortunately, HIV prevention medication and treatment continue to become more accessible, with generic PrEP options and expanded health insurance coverage of PrEP and ART.

The following resources can also help reduce the cost of HIV treatment and prevention medication:

Patient assistance programs and copay savings cards from medication manufacturers

State-funded PrEP drug assistance programs

Get support navigating HIV treatment and prevention medication

Our pharmacists have deep expertise in HIV treatment and prevention and can help you get started and stay on track with ART, PrEP, or PEP. We will coordinate with your healthcare and insurance providers to ensure that you’re receiving the best option for your needs at the best price.

Reach out any time through secure in-app messaging or by phone at 1-800-874-5881.

Living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes does not prevent a healthy pregnancy. Thanks to insulin therapy and effective blood sugar management options, many women with diabetes successfully navigate pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. While there are some pregnancy risks and challenges tied to type 1 diabetes specifically, careful planning and proactive diabetes management throughout pregnancy can keep you and your baby healthy.

Navigating Pregnancy With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes

Here’s an overview of what pregnancy with type 1 or type 2 diabetes may look like — from fertility to childbirth and beyond — to help you explore your family building options.

Many people with diabetes wonder how the condition will impact their fertility. Having diabetes does not mean you will have more difficulty conceiving. Consistently high blood sugar levels are the main way that diabetes can make it challenging to get pregnant. 

Some research has found that women with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles or delayed ovulation — factors that affect your fertility — but these health issues are also linked to elevated blood sugar. 

High blood sugar can be managed, and informing your doctor of your plans to build or expand your family early on can help you maintain healthy blood sugar levels before you start trying to conceive.

While every pregnancy carries the possibility of complications, type 1 diabetes is linked to the following.

Preeclampsia — Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure that can result in liver or kidney damage. Women with type 1 diabetes may face a greater risk for this complication since they often have higher baseline blood pressure before pregnancy.

Insulin resistance — Hormonal changes during pregnancy can make your body less effective at using insulin, resulting in decreased glucose produced from the liver. (This can lead to the development of gestational diabetes in women without preexisting diabetes during pregnancy.) As the placenta grows, insulin resistance increases. This can affect your blood sugar levels.

Miscarriage — Women with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk for miscarriage — the loss of a baby before 20 weeks — or stillbirth — the loss of a baby after 20 weeks. Birth defects caused by high blood sugar may be a contributing factor.

Macrosomia — Macrosomia refers to a newborn with a higher-than-average birth weight, which can make childbirth more difficult for a mother.

Birth defects affecting your baby’s heart, brain, spine, kidneys, digestive system, limbs, and mouth

In addition, without effective diabetes management, pregnancy can intensify preexisting diabetes-related complications.

These risks are manageable, however, it’s important to prepare for pregnancy in advance of trying to conceive and to stay vigilant about diabetes management throughout this journey. Preconception planning allows you to work toward health goals and ensure that you have an appropriate care team and medication protocol in place.

When planning a pregnancy, consult your healthcare provider before trying to conceive to review your blood sugar levels, make any necessary adjustments to your treatment plan, and evaluate potential diabetes-related health complications. If you become pregnant unexpectedly, contact your provider as soon as you learn of your pregnancy to discuss blood sugar monitoring, medication changes, and other factors that can lower your risk of pregnancy complications.

Here are some action items to focus on in the months leading up to conception. This is intended to be a high-level guide. Consult your care team for a more individualized plan.

Your A1C levels are your average blood sugar levels over a period of two to three months. Your blood sugar levels can impact the development of your baby’s organs during the first 8-12 weeks of your pregnancy, so it’s even more important to maintain healthy blood sugar levels before pregnancy. As you plan for pregnancy, ask your doctor to clarify your A1C goals and how long to maintain them before you try to conceive.

Review your treatment plan and make necessary medication adjustments

Not all medications and supplements are safe to take during pregnancy. Speak with your care team about each medication and supplement you take before trying to conceive. Never stop taking a prescribed medication without first consulting your doctor.

Since there are considerations specific to type 1 diabetes during pregnancy, you may want to look for a healthcare professional who works at the intersection of diabetes treatment and maternal health.

Consider working with an endocrinologist — a physician who treats hormone-related conditions such as diabetes — who focuses on treating pregnant women with diabetes. Alternatively, some OB/GYNs have specialized training in managing diabetes during pregnancy.

You may also benefit from working with a diabetes educator, a healthcare professional certified to coach individuals living with diabetes. They can offer individualized guidance about navigating pregnancy with the condition.

Vigilant monitoring of your insulin needs and blood sugar levels is the most important thing you can do to have a healthy and safe pregnancy. As your pregnancy progresses, pay attention to changes in how much insulin you need. Many women with diabetes experience lower blood sugar during pregnancy. Continue to revisit your treatment plan with your care team and confirm the recommended dosage and frequency of insulin. 

There are diabetes supplies that can make it easier to check your blood sugar more frequently. Many pregnant women with diabetes use a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), an electronic device that collects glucose readings every five minutes throughout the day. Talk to your doctor to learn if a CGM is an appropriate option for you.

Most individuals with diabetes require more insulin throughout pregnancy since insulin resistance typically increases as your pregnancy progresses. You may find it helpful to use an insulin delivery method that eliminates the need for multiple daily injections such as an insulin pump. Additionally, an insulin pen allows for faster administration of insulin injections throughout the day.

Having a birth plan in place can help you prepare for any scenario during labor and delivery. Here is some diabetes-related information to include.

Who will monitor your blood sugar levels during and after labor and delivery?

What diabetes supplies do you need to pack in your bag, if delivering at a hospital or medical facility?

What is the procedure for women who use an insulin pump at your chosen hospital or medical facility? (if applicable)

What is the procedure for women who use a CGM at your chosen hospital or medical facility? (if applicable)

Blood sugar levels can fluctuate during labor and delivery. They often rise during labor but drop just before or immediately after delivery. Your care team can help you prepare for these possibilities. If using an insulin pump or CGM, speak with your doctor about protocol for continuing to wear these devices during delivery.

Many women assume that they will struggle with breastfeeding due to their diabetes. However, you can breastfeed while living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The condition may delay breast milk production but this should improve with time.

Keep in mind that breastfeeding takes up energy, which can affect your blood sugar levels and insulin needs. Some research has found that lactation can increase the risk of overnight hypoglycemia, or severely low blood sugar. Make sure that someone around you understands the signs of hypoglycemia and how to address it.

Above all, remember that you aren’t alone in navigating the challenges of type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy. In addition to your care team and loved ones, the following organizations can help you connect with other women who understand this experience.

Beyond Type 1 and Beyond Type 2 are global online communities for individuals living with diabetes.

JDRF is a destination for type 1 diabetes support and community, with opportunities to connect locally with those affected by type 1 diabetes.

A diabetes pharmacy partner you can rely on

At Alto, we make it as easy as possible to manage diabetes throughout your family building journey. We offer free, same-day delivery of medications and supplies right to your doorstep, and our dedicated diabetes team is here to answer any questions you may have.

Reach out any time via phone at 1-800-874-5881, or in-app messaging.

About 9% of men and 11% of women in the U.S. have faced fertility issues. These challenges may feel overwhelming, but there are a variety of treatment options for both male and female infertility to support your family building journey.

Here’s an overview of the causes and symptoms of male and female infertility and common fertility treatments.

Infertility, Explained

About 9% of men and 11% of women in the U.S. have faced fertility issues. These challenges may feel overwhelming, but there are a variety of treatment options for both male and female infertility to support your family building journey.

Here’s an overview of the causes and symptoms of male and female infertility and common fertility treatments.

Infertility, defined as the inability to get pregnant after twelve months or more of unprotected sex, is a health condition that affects both men and women. Approximately one-third of infertility cases stem from a female reproductive factor, one-third stem from a male reproductive factor, and one-third stem from a combination of both or unknown causes.

These are some common causes of female infertility.

The majority of female infertility cases are caused by problems with ovulation, the release of a mature egg from the ovaries. There are several causes of ovulation disorders, including the following.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition characterized by a hormone imbalance that impacts ovulation. It is the leading cause of female infertility.

Excessive exercise, eating disorders, or stress, each of which can result in hormonal imbalances

Primary ovarian insufficiency, sometimes referred to as premature ovarian failure

Fallopian tube damage or blockage can prevent sperm from reaching an egg, or fertilized eggs from attaching to the uterus. Common causes of fallopian tube damage or blockage include pelvic inflammatory disease — an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes from chlamydia, gonorrhea, or other sexually transmitted infections — or a prior surgery in the abdomen or pelvis, including surgery for ectopic pregnancy.

Uterine or cervical issues such as the following can disrupt the implantation of an egg into the uterus or increase a woman’s risk for miscarriage.

Benign polyps or fibroids may block fallopian tubes or interfere with the implantation of an embryo. However, many women with these growths are able to conceive.

Structural issues with the uterus that are present at birth

Cervical stenosis, a narrowing of the cervix

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue that should only grow in the uterus implants and grows elsewhere. The abnormal tissue growth — as well as surgical procedures to remove it — can block the fallopian tubes, preventing the fertilization of an egg. In some cases, endometriosis may interfere with implantation of the fertilized egg, or embryo.

Male infertility is most often an issue of sperm production — including the quantity and quality of sperm produced — or of sperm mobility, which affects the sperm’s ability to find and fertilize an egg. A blockage in the testicle or damage to the reproductive organs can also contribute to male infertility.

Age is a factor in both male and female fertility issues. The quality and quantity of a woman’s eggs begin to decline as she enters her mid-thirties, and age factors into the success rates of in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Many individuals and couples first learn of a fertility issue after trying to conceive without success, and the primary symptom of infertility is the inability to get pregnant. There aren’t always noticeable symptoms, but the following may indicate an underlying fertility problem.

A menstrual cycle that’s irregular, absent, longer than 35 days, or less than 21 days

Unusually light or heavy bleeding during menstrual cycles

Erectile dysfunction or low sex drive in men

The timeline for seeking fertility treatment depends on your age. If you are under the age of 35, most health experts suggest consulting a reproductive specialist after a year of trying to conceive. If you are between 35 and 40, you may want to pursue testing or treatment after six months of trying to become pregnant. And if you are over 40, you may want to pursue testing or treatment before you start trying to conceive.

An evaluation for fertility issues and potential treatment begins with a conversation about your health history. Several tests may be used during the diagnostic process, including the following.

An hysterosalpingogram (HSG), an x-ray taken to examine issues within the uterus and fallopian tubes

Blood tests to measure hormone levels related to fertility and reproduction

Ovarian reserve testing, which evaluates the number of viable eggs in your ovarian reserve. These are typically used for women over 35 or those at risk of a low egg count for other reasons.

A semen test is used to diagnose most cases of male infertility. This identifies how many sperm you produce and whether the sperm are normal in shape and movement — healthy sperm have an oval head and long tail. In some cases, additional blood tests and/or genital ultrasounds may be used to rule out other health conditions.

Fertility problems do not mean that you won’t be able to have children biologically. There are many treatment options that can help increase your chances of conception. The most effective course of treatment depends on the underlying cause of your or your partner’s fertility issues. These are among the most common fertility treatments.

Forms of assisted reproductive technology (ART) including in vitro fertilization (IVF), a process in which eggs and sperm are fertilized in a laboratory and then placed into the uterus with the potential outcome of a pregnancy. In addition to treating female infertility, IVF can also be used when male infertility is a factor.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI), a type of artificial insemination in which sperm that have been washed and concentrated are placed directly into a woman’s uterus during ovulation.

Injectable fertility medications including gonadotropins and oral fertility medications such as Clomid® and Femara® can treat fertility-related hormonal imbalances.

Your doctor may also recommend lifestyle changes or treating a related health condition.

A fertility pharmacy partner you can rely on

Since 2016, Alto has supported more than 50,000 fertility journeys. We understand that fertility treatment is a significant investment — physically, emotionally, and financially — and we see ourselves as a partner in your health.

We offer free, same-day delivery seven days a week and temperature controlled packaging to ensure that your fertility medications always arrive in the right condition. And our fertility-trained pharmacists are available until 9 pm PST (12 midnight EST) on weeknights to offer any support you need.

For many individuals, the journey of living with type 2 diabetes starts early. Once referred to as adult-onset diabetes due to its prevalence among middle-aged and older Americans, the condition has become more common in children, adolescents, and young adults, due in part to growing childhood obesity rates. While some aspects of type 2 diabetes management, like glucose monitoring and healthy lifestyle choices, are important for all age groups, other parts of treatment may change with time. Here’s a snapshot of what type 2 diabetes may look like at each stage of life and tips for living with the condition.

Managing Type 2 Diabetes at Any Age

All type 2 diabetes treatment plans include healthy eating, frequent physical activity, and blood sugar monitoring regardless of age. Depending on a child or adult’s blood sugar levels and overall health, they may also need diabetes medication or insulin therapy to supplement these lifestyle changes. In addition to insulin, two other diabetes medications may be used to treat type 2 diabetes during childhood: metformin, an oral medication, and liraglutide, an injectable medication.

Younger children will need assistance with blood sugar monitoring, and if your child takes insulin, they will also need help with insulin administration. It’s important that teachers or other school staff are able to provide support during school days. Make sure that someone at the school is prepared to administer glucagon if your child’s blood sugar falls below a healthy range (known as hypoglycemia).

Inform your child’s teacher and/or other school staff of your child’s type 2 diagnosis before classes begin. Be sure to discuss daily treatment needs like blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy, or other medication needs, as well as how to spot the signs and symptoms of low blood sugar. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has resources that can help you start these conversations.

Living with type 2 diabetes as a young child can be emotionally challenging. It often helps to build connections with other children who are on the same journey. Explore programming for children with type 2 diabetes, like the ADA’s summer camps.

If your child is overweight, their doctor may recommend that you focus on slowing weight gain rather than losing weight since they are still growing. Follow your doctor’s recommendations and look for simple but impactful changes, like swapping carbohydrate-rich foods for a snackable fruit or vegetable, or trading soft drinks and fruit juices for water.

Whether you’ve had type 2 diabetes since childhood or are newly diagnosed, living with the condition as a young adult requires you to take an active role in the management of your health. It’s important to build a relationship with a care team that you trust to avoid any gaps in your treatment. Depending on your treatment plan, you may also have to learn about the logistics of filling prescriptions, ordering diabetes supplies, and coordinating with your insurance company.

Taking on additional responsibilities and navigating life more independently doesn’t mean that you’re completely on your own in managing your diabetes. If parents or another relative previously helped you with blood sugar monitoring, scheduling doctor’s appointments, or other aspects of care, use them as a resource during this transitional period as you become more confident managing your health. You may also want to expand your support system by working with a certified diabetes educator or connecting with other young adults living with type 2 diabetes.

Make sure you understand how other health issues can affect diabetes. For example, the common cold or flu can impact your calorie intake and blood sugar levels, so it’s important to be prepared to manage other illnesses. Alcohol safety is also extra important when living with type 2 diabetes, as alcohol is a factor in your blood sugar levels. For those taking insulin, be mindful of how alcohol use affects insulin therapy.

Build a diabetes care team you trust. In addition to seeing a primary care physician for general health issues, search for an endocrinologist who specializes in diabetes treatment.

Familiarize yourself with all aspects of managing type 2 diabetes, from navigating health insurance to monitoring blood sugar. Consider working with a certified diabetes educator. These are healthcare professionals with extensive knowledge of the condition who can offer individualized support. You can also search for a diabetes education program.

Find opportunities to connect with other young adults learning how to manage type 2 diabetes, like the Beyond Type 2 community.

The progression of type 2 diabetes varies significantly by individual. While many individuals are just beginning the journey of living with the condition in their 30s or 40s, diabetes management may feel like second nature for those who were diagnosed at an earlier age. It’s also possible for a person’s treatment needs to evolve at this stage of life. If lifestyle changes and other medications are effective, you may be tapering off of insulin. Conversely, you may need to begin taking additional medications, such as insulin, in order to manage your diabetes even more effectively. As always, follow your care team’s recommendations for your specific needs.

Regardless of what type 2 diabetes looks like for you, one thing’s for certain: it’s important to stay on top of your care and put your health first even when life is at its busiest. Make sure there’s plenty of room in your calendar for physical activity and doctor’s appointments. If you take insulin, find the right delivery method for your schedule and lifestyle. Many people who work long days in a physical setting find insulin pumps and pens convenient as they eliminate the need to remember the timing of injections.

If you are considering starting a family, your doctor can help you plan to have a healthy pregnancy. Get clarity on your A1C targets — your average blood sugar levels over several months — and how long to maintain them before pregnancy. Once you become pregnant, make a doctor’s appointment as soon as possible to learn about any potential changes to your treatment plan.

Revisit your fitness routine, if needed, to find the right activities for your schedule. If you find it challenging to fit enough exercise into your life — ideally 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week — try to fit shorter bursts of physical activity into your day. 

If you take insulin, consult with your doctor about insulin delivery options to find the best fit for your needs.

Choose a diabetes pharmacy partner that simplifies your treatment. At Alto, we consolidate all of your medications and supplies into a single monthly delivery, and our mobile app can help you manage all of your diabetes needs in one place.

Preventative care and healthy lifestyle choices take on additional importance when you’re living with diabetes, which increases your risk for other chronic conditions like heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and dementia.

Many older adults with diabetes also have high blood pressure, which is linked to a higher risk for strokes and heart attacks as well as vision and kidney function. Stay on top of key numbers like your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and follow your doctor’s recommendations for treatment. You may also want to ask your doctor about additional screenings related to your mental health or cognitive health, as older adults with diabetes are more likely to experience depression or cognitive impairment. (If caring for an older adult with diabetes, watch for the signs of depression and dementia.)

Stay current with vaccines, including the annual flu shot and the pneumonia vaccine. If you are unsure which vaccines you need, ask your doctor.

Ask your doctor about the recommended frequency of screenings for other health conditions, including cancer screenings and kidney function tests.

Find a loved one to help with insulin administration and recording blood sugar readings, if needed.

Managing diabetes is easier at any age with the right pharmacy partner by your side. The Alto app can help you manage all of your diabetes needs in one place, and our dedicated diabetes support team is here to offer guidance and make sure you have everything you need for your treatment.

Reach out any time through in-app secure messaging or by phone at 1-800-874-5881 to learn how we can support your diabetes care.

There are 1.6 million Americans living with type 1 diabetes, including about 200,000 young people under 20 and 1.4 million adults aged 20 years old and older. Here is a high-level guide to living with type 1 diabetes at any age.

How to Live with Type 1 Diabetes at Any Age

There are 1.6 million Americans living with type 1 diabetes, including about 200,000 young people under 20 and 1.4 million adults aged 20 years old and older. While type 1 diabetes is typically diagnosed during childhood or adolescence (it was once referred to as juvenile diabetes), a diagnosis can come at any age 

Living with type 1 diabetes is a lifelong journey, and insulin therapy and blood glucose monitoring will remain constant. Some aspects of diabetes management, though, apply only to certain age groups, like coordinating with school staff about a child’s type 1 diabetes care plan or prioritizing heart disease prevention as you get older (more about that later).

Below, we’ve highlighted  things to be mindful of with type 1 diabetes treatment for various age groups. This is intended to be a high-level guide to living with type 1 diabetes at any age, and your diabetes care team (or your child’s) will help you develop an individualized treatment plan with recommendations for insulin dosage, blood sugar targets, and blood sugar monitoring frequency.

Type 1 diabetes and children: blood sugar monitoring at school

Individuals with type 1 diabetes are unable to produce any insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas which helps convert sugar, or glucose, into energy. Getting started with insulin therapy is one of the first steps after a type 1 diagnosis, and is an important part of living with type 1 diabetes at any age. Daily insulin therapy, along with blood sugar monitoring and meal planning, allows people with type 1 diabetes to maintain healthy and consistent blood sugar levels.

While the goal of insulin therapy is to keep your blood sugar levels as steady as possible throughout the day, fluctuations are natural. Checking blood sugar levels several times each day allows you to stay within a healthy range. Younger children with type 1 diabetes will need help with both insulin administration and blood sugar monitoring, and during the school day you may need teachers and other school staff to provide support. It’s also important that someone at the school understands how to administer glucagon if your child’s blood sugar falls too low (known as hypoglycemia).

Here are some steps you can take to simplify your child’s treatment needs and make sure you’re prepared for an emergency.

Communicate with your child’s teacher and/or other school staff before classes begin to make sure they’re aware of your child’s type 1 diabetes diagnosis. 

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